Chinese authorities can now retaliate against foreign firms that move factories to countries like Vietnam or India, or reshore production back home. They could also face fines and supply chain blacklisting if they comply with United States and European Union export controls or sanctions targeting Chinese entities.

“It’s effectively meant to derail de-risking measures such as those the EU and member states, including Germany, have been taking to reduce dependency on China,” Rebecca Arcesati, an analyst at the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS), told DW.